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	<title>Economic Room</title>
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		<title>Economic Room</title>
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		<title>Investasi Asing, Ekspor, dan Pendapatan Nasional</title>
		<link>http://economacro.wordpress.com/2010/05/02/investasi-asing-ekspor-dan-pendapatan-nasional/</link>
		<comments>http://economacro.wordpress.com/2010/05/02/investasi-asing-ekspor-dan-pendapatan-nasional/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 02 May 2010 23:47:53 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>rusdi</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Artikel Bahasa Indonesia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Economics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Finance]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Analisa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Economy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Element of Economics]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[okezone.com<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=economacro.wordpress.com&amp;blog=13294117&amp;post=24&amp;subd=economacro&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div id="attachment_25" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 260px"><a href="http://economacro.files.wordpress.com/2010/05/htcchuvez8.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-25" title="HTcChUVEZ8" src="http://economacro.files.wordpress.com/2010/05/htcchuvez8.jpg?w=468" alt="Ilustrasi. Foto: Corbis "   /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Ilustrasi. Foto: Corbis </p></div>
<p>Mengapa suatu negara tetap miskin dan sulit maju? Ada yang mengatakan bahwa agar suatu perekonomian maju, masyarakat di perekonomian itu harus mampu melakukan investasi. Namun, rakyat di negara miskin tidak punya tabungan.</p>
<p>Karena tidak mempunyai tabungan, mereka tidak dapat berinvestasi. Karena tidak dapat berinvestasi, mereka tetap miskin. Lingkaran seperti ini sering disebut dengan perangkap kemiskinan.</p>
<p>Oleh sebab itu, menurut teori ini, cara keluar dari perangkap kemiskinan adalah mendatangkan investasi dari luar masyarakat itu sendiri. Artinya perlu investasi asing.</p>
<p>Dengan masuknya investasi asing, kesempatan menaikkan pendapatan dan keluar dari kemiskinan dapat meningkat. Penyelesaian lain untuk keluar dari perangkap kemiskinan adalah melalui keluarga berencana.</p>
<p>Keluarga di negara miskin biasanya mempunyai banyak anak. Akibatnya, konsumsi terlalu tinggi, sehingga tak ada yang ditabung. Dengan keluarga berencana, pengeluaran untuk anak dapat dikurangi.</p>
<p>Selain itu, orangtua dapat lebih bebas bekerja untuk keluar dari kemiskinan. Kemudian, akan terjadi tabungan, dan tabungan dapat digunakan untuk investasi, sehingga keluar dari kemiskinan.</p>
<p>Teori lain mengatakan, bahwa suatu perekonomian tetap miskin karena daya beli di masyarakat itu rendah. Mereka tidak berani berproduksi dalam jumlah yang besar, karena mereka tahu produksi mereka tidak akan dapat dijual di perekonomian mereka. Walau jumlah penduduk besar, menurut teori ini, kemiskinan menyebabkan keterbatasan pasar dalam negeri.</p>
<p>Maka, penyelesaiannya adalah melakukan ekspor, menjual produksi dalam negeri ke negara lain yang ekonominya sudah maju. Negara yang disebut dengan “macan Asia” (Korea Selatan, Hong Kong,Taiwan, dan Singapura) sering disebut telah melakukan tiga kebijakan ini bersamaan.</p>
<p>Pada era 1980-an, dunia berdecak kagum pada kemajuan pesat dalam perekonomian mereka. Sejak saat itu, banyak negara yang ingin mengulangi kasus keberhasilan empat macan Asia ini, yakni keluarga berencana, investasi asing, dan ekspor.</p>
<p>Banyak negara berkembang, termasuk Indonesia, kemudian telah berhasil dalam program keluarga berencana.Kemudian, ada kecenderungan investasi asing dan ekspor dianggap primadona dalam pembangunan ekonomi negara berkembang.</p>
<p>Negara yang sudah maju pun sering mengajari negara berkembang tentang pentingnya investasi asing dan ekspor. Mereka sering mengatakan ingin membantu negara berkembang, maka mereka melakukan investasi di negara berkembang dan mendorong ekspor dari negara berkembang.</p>
<p>Kira-kira 30 tahun telah berlalu sejak munculnya kekaguman pada keberhasilan empat macan Asia itu. Kini muncul pertanyaan, benarkah investasi asing dan ekspor meningkatkan pendapatan nasional? Dalam ekonomi makro, ada rumus yang amat terkenal, yaitu bahwa pendapatan nasional sama dengan penjumlahan konsumsi (dalam negeri), investasi (dalam negeri), pengeluaran pemerintah, dan ekspor yang dikurangi dengan impor.</p>
<p>Oleh sebab itu, jelas sekali menurut rumus ini, bahwa investasi dan ekspor menaikkan pendapatan nasional. Namun dalam ekonomi makro, kita juga belajar, bahwa ada dua macam pengukuran pendapatan nasional. Pertama adalah produk nasional kotor (<em>gross national product</em>/GNP).</p>
<p>Konsep ini menjumlahkan pendapatan yan diterima semua warga negara Indonesia dalam suatu periode tertentu (biasanya setahun), tidak pandang mereka tinggal di Indonesia atau negara lain. Konsep GNP tidak memasukkan pendapatan orang asing yang bekerja di Indonesia. Konsep yang kedua adalah produk domestik kotor (<em>gross domestic product</em>/GDP).</p>
<p>Konsep ini menjumlah pendapatan semua penduduk yang tinggal di Indonesia, tidak pandang kewarganegarannya. Dengan demikian, dalam konsep GDP termasuk pendapatan yang diterima oleh orang asing yang bekerja di Indonesia.</p>
<p>Selain itu, GDP tidak memasukkan pendapatan warga negara Indonesia yang bekerja di negara lain. Kalau tidak banyak orang asing bekerja di Indonesia, dan tidak banyak orang Indonesia bekerja di negara lain, pengukuran dengan dua konsep ini akan menghasilkan angka yang serupa.</p>
<p>Namun, dengan meningkatnya investasi asing dan orang asing yang bekerja di Indonesia, GDP bisa menjadi lebih besar daripada GNP. Artinya, investasi asing pasti meningkatkan GDP, tetapi belum tentu meningkatkan GNP. Investasi asing dapat meningkatkan GNP, jika investasi itu menciptakan pendapatan yang besar untuk orang Indonesia.</p>
<p>Bagaimana kalau investasi asing itu dilakukan pada kegiatan yang berorientasi pada ekspor? Dampak pada GDP pasti akan lebih besar lagi,karena kenaikan ekspor berarti kenaikan pendapatan nasional, khususnya bila diukur dengan GDP.</p>
<p>Namun, dampak pada GNP belum tentu besar, tergantung apakah kegiatan ekspor itu mampu meningkatkan pendapatan warga negara Indonesia. Jadi, apakah jumlah investasi asing dapat digunakan sebagai indikator keberhasilan pembangunan ekonomi kita?</p>
<p>Jawabnya tergantung pada bagaimana kita mengukur pendapatan nasional. Kalau kita mengukur pendapatan nasional dengan konsep GDP, maka investasi asing pasti meningkatkan pendapatan nasional. Namun,jika pendapatan nasional diukur dengan GNP, jumlah investasi asing belum tentu berdampak signifikan pada pendapatan nasional.</p>
<p>Investasi asing baru berdampak signifikan bila warga negara Indonesia yang tinggal di Indonesia menikmati sebagian besar investasi asing itu.Perbedaan dalam memaknai investasi asing akan makin besar bila investasi asing itu berorientasi pada ekspor.</p>
<p>Selain perbedaan dalam konsep pengukuran pendapatan nasional (GNP atau GDP), peningkatan ekspor juga berarti bahwa barang yang diproduksi di Indonesia makin banyak memasuki pasar internasional, yang dijual dengan harga internasional dan biasanya jauh lebih mahal daripada pasar dalam negeri.</p>
<p>Namun, penghasilan warga negara Indonesia sering belum dapat mengikuti harga internasional. Walau begitu, warga negara Indonesia harus membeli produksi Indonesia dengan harga internasional. Inilah fenomena “konsumen global dengan pendapatan lokal”. Akibatnya,mereka tak mampu membeli produksi Indonesia tersebut.</p>
<p>Selanjutnya, produk yang dijual di Indonesia adalah produksi yang mutunya lebih jelek, sehingga dapat dijual dengan lebih murah. Meski begitu, kita tidak perlu anti-pada investasi asing dan promosi ekspor. Kita tetap memerlukan investasi asing dan peningkatan ekspor.</p>
<p>Namun, kita perlu ingat bahwa investasi asing dan peningkatan ekspor bukanlah primadona pembangunan kita. Negara yang lebih maju melakukan investasi di Indonesia karena mereka melihat peluang bisnis yang menguntungkan untuk mereka, bukan karena mereka mau menolong kita.</p>
<p>Mereka menginginkan Indonesia meningkatkan ekspor bukan karena mereka mau menolong kita, tetapi karena mereka ingin mendapatkan barang yang murah. Sudah saatnya kita berpikir jernih dalam menyikapi investasi asing dan peningkatan ekspor.</p>
<p>Sudah bukan saatnya mempunyai sikap antipati pada investasi asing dan peningkatan ekspor. Bukan waktunya lagi untuk percaya bulatbulat bahwa investasi asing dan peningkatan ekspor pasti meningkatkan pendapatan kita.</p>
<p>Memang, menjadi susah untuk membuat keputusan. Tapi, itulah tantangannya. Saat ini, kita dan banyak negara lain di dunia, lebih sering menggunakan GDP. Tiap tiga bulan sekali kita melaporkan pertumbuhan GDP. Mungkin, sudah saatnya, tiap tiga bulan sekali, kita juga melaporkan perkembangan GNP.</p>
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		<title>Social Networking Sites Beat Online Journals</title>
		<link>http://economacro.wordpress.com/2010/04/30/social-networking-sites-beat-online-journals/</link>
		<comments>http://economacro.wordpress.com/2010/04/30/social-networking-sites-beat-online-journals/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 30 Apr 2010 23:24:35 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>rusdi</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Technology]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Beware, Facebook can kill the author. It turned out that facebook has changed many things. Not only the style of interaction, but also our passion in writing. The presence of facebook really makes the teens addicted. Addictions teenager will this make to decrease their interest in writing an online journal or blogging. Decrease in the [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=economacro.wordpress.com&amp;blog=13294117&amp;post=17&amp;subd=economacro&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:small;"><a href="http://economacro.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/picture1.png"><img class="size-medium wp-image-18 aligncenter" title="Halaman Awal Facebook" src="http://economacro.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/picture1.png?w=300&#038;h=175" alt="" width="300" height="175" /></a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:small;">Beware, <em>Facebook</em> can kill the  author</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:small;">.</span> <span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:small;">It turned out that <em>facebook</em> has changed many things.</span> <span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:small;">Not only the  style of interaction, but also our passion in writing. The presence of <em>facebook</em> really makes the teens addicted. Addictions teenager will this make to  decrease their interest in writing an <em>online</em> journal or <em>blogging.</em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:small;">Decrease in the writings on this  blog because there was an explosion in social networking sites like <em>facebook</em> that emphasizes short status updates on the personal, coupled with the  instant style of teenagers are now making a facebook is suitable for  their style as a new association.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:small;">Take a look at our campus, they are  connected with Internet network.</span> <span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:small;">What are  they open in the browser page?</span> <span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:small;">Certainly was predictable, the average Internet  user on campus are updating their status message or friend is being  Commenting on the status message.</span> <span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:small;">Only few of us who use the internet facility for  something useful like browsing to find additional materials courses,  online learning, open the newspaper or online news sites, etc,  including writing an online journal or blog.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:small;">Got  a facebook account is fine, but do not be addicted to making <em>facebook</em> activities is a priority.</span> <span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:small;">Let&#8217;s use facebook as well as  medium friendship and promotional event our blog writings.</span></p>
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		<title>Goods and Services</title>
		<link>http://economacro.wordpress.com/2010/04/26/goods-and-services/</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 26 Apr 2010 12:28:29 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>rusdi</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Economics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Element of Economics]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[A. L. Mayer
Elememts of Modern Economics<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=economacro.wordpress.com&amp;blog=13294117&amp;post=11&amp;subd=economacro&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Most of the activities of our economic system are devoted to the production and consumption of <a href="http://economacro.wordpress.com" target="_self">goods and services</a>.</p>
<p>A good is anything that satisfies a human want. The bread that we eat, the shoes that we wear, the house that we live in, are all goods. Individual testes will differ of course.</p>
<p>Two conditions are necessary for the existence of a good: a human want and a means that will satisfy that want.</p>
<p>Goods may be divided into two main classes: free goods and economic goods. Free goods are those plentifully supplied by nature that human effort is required to obtain them. Economic goods are those that are so scarce relative to human wants that human effort is required to obtain them.</p>
<p>It will be obvious to the reader that whether a good falls in the classification of free goods or economic goods will depend upon circumstances.  In certain thinly populated islands untouched by navigation. Coconuts might be considered a free good. But when we consider the effort necessary to gather and transport them, the coconuts in London are an economic good. Probably the only goods that are free good under nearly all circumstance are a fresh air and sunshine.</p>
<p>A service is any nonmaterial goods. The acts of the barber who cuts our hair of the boy who mows our lawn and of the orchestra that plays for our enjoyment are services. For many processes services need to be distinguished form material goods but since services need to be distinguished from simultaneously with their  production and a considerable internal may elapse between production and consumption of material goods it is sometimes convenient to draw distinction between them.</p>
<p>The distinction between consumers goods and producers goods is base not on the character of the goods themselves but on the use to which they are put. Consumers <a href="http://economacro.wordpress.com" target="_self">goods and services</a> are those used directly to satisfy human wants of practically speaking, are the goods purchased by the ultimate consumer. Producers goods are those used to produce consumers goods or other producers goods.﻿</p>
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		<title>Economics Definition</title>
		<link>http://economacro.wordpress.com/2010/04/24/economics-definition/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 24 Apr 2010 04:12:42 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>rusdi</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Economics]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Pengantar  Teori MakroEkonomi - Sadono Sukirno, SE. M.S. Sc.<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=economacro.wordpress.com&amp;blog=13294117&amp;post=4&amp;subd=economacro&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Economics is a field that is very broad coverage. Therefore it is very  difficult to create definitions that would provide an appropriate  description of the analysis covered by economics. However, this  does not mean that a definition which briefly explains the field of  economics studies can not be done at all. In an attempt to give a brief  overview of the economics field of study, the definition of science is  always connected to the state of imbalance between:<br />
i) the ability of  the factors of production to produce goods and services.<br />
ii) the  public&#8217;s desire to acquire goods and services.</p>
<p>In the previous  section has shown that the factors of production are not able to meet  all the needs of the beings in the economy. Therefore every individual,  company or community / country must always make choices. Various  economists are always defined on the basis of economic science to  reality. For example, Professor P.A. Samuelson, one of the leading  economies in the world &#8211; who received the Nobel prize for economics in  1970 &#8211; provides for the definition of economics as follows:<br />
<a href="http://economacro.wordpress.com">Economics</a> is a study of individuals and societies make choices, with or without  the use of money, using resources in a limited &#8211; but it can be used in  various ways to produce various kinds of goods and services and  distribute them for consumption needs, now and in the future, to various  individuals and community groups.</p>
<p>Thus the basic problem  described in the economic analysis is essentially aimed to answer the  following questions:<br />
How to use resources or a certain income for  such use can provide the maximum satisfaction and prosperity to the  individual and society?</p>
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			<media:title type="html">vixsel</media:title>
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		<title>Hello world!</title>
		<link>http://economacro.wordpress.com/2010/04/23/hello-world/</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 23 Apr 2010 22:21:01 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>rusdi</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Welcome to <a href="http://wordpress.com/">WordPress.com</a>. This is your first post. Edit or delete it and start blogging!</p>
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